White Paper Report


			..
	White paper for crypto-assets other than asset-referenced tokens or e-money tokens

	Digital Token Identifier:	Ethereum mainnet (ERC-20): GBGX1MHXN. BNB Smart Chain (BEP-20): G86K26DC6.
	Offeror or person seeking admission to trading:	254900F2Y44Y2IIE9U38 - Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd.
	Type of submission:	New

Table of content
General information
SUMMARY
Part A - Information about offeror or person seeking admission to trading
Part B - Information about issuer, if different from offeror or person seeking admission to trading
Part C - Information about the operator of the trading platform in cases where it draws up the crypto-asset white paper and information about other persons drawing the crypto-asset white paper pursuant to Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
Part D - Information about other token project
Part E - Information about offer to public of other tokens or their admission to trading
Part F - Information about other tokens
Part G - Information on rights and obligations attached to other tokens
Part H – Information on underlying technology
Part I - Information on risks
Part J - Information on the sustainability indicators in relation to adverse impact on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts




[Table 2] Template for white papers for crypto-assets other than asset-referenced tokens or e-money tokens

Template for white papers for crypto-assets other than asset-referenced tokens or e-money tokens [abstract]
General information
00 Table of content	boolean true	true
01 Date of notification	date	2026-07-14
02 Statement in accordance with Article 6(3) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	This crypto-asset white paper has not been approved by any competent authority in any Member State of the European Union. The person seeking admission to trading of the crypto-asset is solely responsible for the content of this crypto-asset white paper.
03 Compliance statement in accordance with Article 6(6) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	This crypto-asset white paper complies with Title II of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council and, to the best of the knowledge of the management body, the information presented in the crypto-asset white paper is fair, clear and not misleading and the crypto-asset white paper makes no omission likely to affect its import.
04 Statement in accordance with Article 6(5), points (a), (b), (c), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	The crypto-asset referred to in this crypto-asset white paper may lose its value in part or in full, may not always be transferable and may not be liquid
05 Statement in accordance with Article 6(5), point (d), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	The crypto-asset referred to in this white paper is not a utility token within the meaning of Article 3(1)(9) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114. While the token provides functional access to services within the issuer's ecosystem, it does not meet the "exclusively" criterion of the utility token definition due to its multiple functions and acceptance beyond the issuer.
06 Statement in accordance with Article 6(5), points (e) and (f), of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	The crypto-asset referred to in this white paper is not covered by the investor compensation schemes under Directive 97/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council or the deposit guarantee schemes under Directive 2014/49/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.
SUMMARY
07 Warning in accordance with Article 6(7), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	boolean true	Warning This summary should be read as an introduction to the crypto-asset white paper. The prospective holder should base any decision to purchase this crypto-asset on the content of the crypto-asset white paper as a whole and not on the summary alone. The offer to the public of this crypto-asset does not constitute an offer or solicitation to purchase financial instruments and any such offer or solicitation can be made only by means of a prospectus or other offer documents pursuant to the applicable national law. This crypto-asset white paper does not constitute a prospectus as referred to in Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council or any other offer document pursuant to Union or national law.
08 Characteristics of the crypto-asset	textBlock	$DOS tokens this white paper refers to are crypto-assets other than EMTs and ARTs, which are available on the Ethereum mainnet and BNB Chain. The initial production of 1,000,000,000 $DOS tokens (the so-called "mint") took place on 27 November 2025 at 07:14:47 UTC (Ethereum transaction hash: 0xf18f9b9c8831f49bd2d9e44bba681bade0737318696df1bb0a0bc45e203d8d59). The tokens provide functional utility within the dappOS ecosystem, which has processed over 12 million transactions for more than 5 million users (as of Q4 2025), specifically: subscription payments for premium AI services (such as the Bubble Engine); payment of transaction fees for intent executions within the ecosystem (with discounts compared to payments in other mainstream tokens); staking as collateral by service providers and validators (including Super Nodes and Execution Validators) within the Intent Execution Network; and participation in ecosystem incentive programs. Token holders currently have no governance rights (governance functionality is planned as a future feature; see F.3), no claims to dividends or profit distributions, and no ownership rights in Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. The tokens are not redeemable for fiat currency or any other assets from the issuer. Transferability may be restricted during active staking periods subject to network protocol rules.
09 Further information about utility tokens	textBlock	Although the token is not classified as a utility token under Article 3(1)(9) MiCAR, it provides functional access to the following services within the dappOS ecosystem: subscription payments for premium AI services, payment of transaction fees with discounts for $DOS payments, participation as network validators through staking (minimum amounts per protocol), and eligibility for ecosystem rewards. The service availability depends on the operational status of the dappOS platform. No service level agreements are provided. Tokens staked as validator collateral may have restricted transferability.
10 Key information about the offer to the public or admission to trading	textBlock	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. (Registration Number: UEN 202225550K, registered address: 60 PAYA LEBAR ROAD, #11-53, PAYA LEBAR SQUARE, SINGAPORE 409051, Singapore) is seeking admission to trading of $DOS tokens on the Bitvavo B.V. platform in the European Union in accordance with Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on markets in crypto-assets, and amending Regulations (EU) No 1093/2010 and (EU) No 1095/2010 and Directives 2013/36/EU and (EU) 2019/1937. The admission to trading is not accompanied by a public offer of the crypto-asset. In accordance with Article 5(4) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, this crypto-asset white paper may be used by entities admitting the token to trading only where the person responsible for drawing up such white paper consents to its use in writing. Requests for such written consent may be addressed to: foundation@dappos.network.
Part A - Information about offeror or person seeking admission to trading
A.1 Name	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd.
A.2 Legal form	text	Exempt Private Company Limited by Shares (Singapore).
A.3 Registered address
Registered addess	text	60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Country	enumeration	Singapore
Sub-division	text	Not applicable
A.4 Head office
Head office	text	Not applicable
Country	enumeration	Singapore
Sub-division	text	Not applicable
A.5 Registration date	date	2022-07-22
A.6 Legal entity identifier	LEI	254900F2Y44Y2IIE9U38
A.7 Another identifier required pursuant to applicable national law	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. is registered with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) in Singapore under Unique Entity Number (UEN): 202225550K.
A.8 Contact telephone number	text	+65 96506608
A.9 E-mail address	text	business@dappos.network
A.10 Response time (days)	integer	30
A.11 Parent company	text	Not applicable
A.12 Members of the management body
Member #1	id	1
Identity	text	Shen Tianyi
Business address	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Function	text	CEO
Member #2	id	2
Identity	text	Cui Xinyuan
Business address	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Function	text	Business Development and Investor Relations
Member #3	id	3
Identity	text	Tan Kee Nern, John (CHEN QIXI)
Business address	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Function	text	Non-executive local director, responsible for compliance oversight
A.13 Business activity	textBlock	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. operates the dappOS Web3 AI Operating System, a comprehensive platform that integrates artificial intelligence with decentralized Web3 technologies. The platform consists of two core layers: the Intelligence Layer, powered by a Multi-Agent Framework (MAF) with 300-400 specialized agents and over 200 integrated tools, and the Execution Layer, known as the Intent Execution Network. The dappOS platform enables users to research, plan, and execute crypto-related tasks through natural language interactions. The Intent Execution Network facilitates secure, on-chain execution of user intents through an Optimistic Minimum Staking (OMS) mechanism. The $DOS token, issued by Dapp OS Holding Ltd. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd.), provides functional utility within the dappOS ecosystem: subscription payments for premium AI services, payment of transaction fees within the ecosystem, staking by service providers and validators within the Intent Execution Network, and participation in ecosystem incentive programs. Under MiCA, Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. is seeking admission to trading of $DOS tokens on the trading platform operated by Bitvavo B.V. (Market Identifier Code: VAVO) in the European Union.
A.14 Parent company business activity	textBlock	Not applicable
A.15 Newly established	boolean	false
A.16 Financial condition for the past three years	textBlock	No audited financial statements for the past three financial years have been provided for this crypto-asset white paper. Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. is a Singapore private limited company not required to publicly file financial statements. DappOS raised USD 15.3 million in a Series A financing round in 2024. A seed financing round was completed in 2023. As of Q4 2025, the Intent Execution Network has processed over 5 million users and 12 million transactions.
A.17 Financial condition since registration	textBlock	This point would only be applicable if the company was newly established and the financial conditions for the past three years had not been provided in the bulletpoint before.
Part B - Information about issuer, if different from offeror or person seeking admission to trading
B.1 Issuer different from offerror or person seeking admission to trading	boolean	true
B.2 Name	text	Dapp OS Holding Ltd.
B.3 Legal form	text	BVI Business Company limited by shares (British Virgin Islands).
B.4 Registered address
Registered addess	text	Sea Meadow House, P.O. Box 116, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Country	enumeration	Virgin Islands (British)
Sub-division	text	Not applicable
B.5 Head office
Head office	text	Not applicable
Country	enumeration	Virgin Islands (British)
Sub-division	text	Not applicable
B.6 Registration date	date	2024-06-07
B.7 Legal entity identifier	LEI	254900UWDAZ7NQRRL780
B.8 Another identifier required pursuant to applicable national law	text	Dapp OS Holding Ltd. is registered with the BVI Financial Services Commission under BVI Company Number 2150559. The registered agent is Bolder Corporate Services (BVI) Limited.
B.9 Parent company	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. (Singapore, UEN 202225550K, LEI 254900F2Y44Y2IIE9U38) is the sole parent company of Dapp OS Holding Ltd. and holds 100% of the shares.
B.10 Members of the management body
Member #1	id	1
Identity	text	Shen Tianyi
Business address	text	Sea Meadow House, P.O. Box 116, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Function	text	CEO
Member #2	id	2
Identity	text	Cui Xinyuan
Business address	text	Sea Meadow House, P.O. Box 116, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Function	text	Business Development and Investor Relations
Member #3	id	3
Identity	text	Tan Kee Nern, John (CHEN QIXI)
Business address	text	Sea Meadow House, P.O. Box 116, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Function	text	Non-executive local director, responsible for compliance oversight
B.11 Business activity	textBlock	Dapp OS Holding Ltd. carries on the business of development of software and applications (excluding games and cybersecurity) in connection with the dappOS Web3 AI Operating System ecosystem. As a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., Dapp OS Holding Ltd. is the issuer of the $DOS token and holds the related rights and obligations. Dapp OS Holding Ltd. itself does not operate the dappOS platform; the platform is operated by its parent company Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. (Singapore), as further described under A.13.
B.12 Parent company business activity	textBlock	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) operates the dappOS Web3 AI Operating System and serves as the parent of Dapp OS Holding Ltd. Its business activity covers the development of software and applications (excluding games and cybersecurity) and other professional, scientific and technical activities, as further described under A.13. Part C – Information about the operator of the trading platform in cases where it draws up the crypto-asset white paper and information about other persons drawing the crypto-asset white paper pursuant to Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
Part C - Information about the operator of the trading platform in cases where it draws up the crypto-asset white paper and information about other persons drawing the crypto-asset white paper pursuant to Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114
C.1 Name	N/A		.
C.2 Legal form	N/A		.
C.3 Registered address
Registered address	N/A		.
Country	N/A		.
Sub-division	N/A		.
C.4 Head office
Head office	N/A		.
Country	N/A		.
Sub-division	N/A		.
C.5 Registration date	N/A		.
C.6 Legal entity identifier	N/A		.
C.7 Another identifier required pursuant to applicable national law	N/A		.
C.8 Parent company	N/A		.
C.9 Reason for crypto-asset white paper preparation	N/A		.
C.10 Members of the management body
Member #1	N/A		.
Identity	N/A		.
Business address	N/A		.
Function	N/A		.
C.11 Operator business activity	N/A		.
C.12 Parent company business activity	N/A		.
C.13 Other persons drawing up the crypto-asset white paper according to Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	N/A		.
C.14 Reason for drawing the white paper by persons referred to in Article 6(1), second subparagraph, of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114	N/A		.
Part D - Information about other token project
D.1 Crypto-asset project name	text	DAPPOS / dappOS
D.2 Crypto-asset name	text	$DOS
D.3 Abbreviation	text	DOS
D.4 Crypto-asset project description	textBlock	dappOS is a Web3 AI Operating System intended to research, plan, and execute crypto-related tasks. The architecture is described as consisting of two layers: an Intelligence Layer based on a Multi-Agent Framework (MAF) and the Bubble Engine; and an Execution Layer referred to as the Intent Execution Network, which is intended to transform AI-generated plans into secure on-chain actions.
D.5 Details of all natural or legal persons involved in implementation of crypto-asset project
Person #1	id	1
Type of person	enumeration	Development team
Name of person	text	Shen Tianyi
Business address of person	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Domicile of company	enumeration	Singapore
Person #2	id	2
Type of person	enumeration	Development team
Name of person	text	Isabella Yang
Business address of person	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Domicile of company	enumeration	Singapore
Person #3	id	3
Type of person	enumeration	Development team
Name of person	text	Jiang Yanjun
Business address of person	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Domicile of company	enumeration	Singapore
Person #4	id	4
Type of person	enumeration	Other person involved in implementation
Name of person	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd.
Business address of person	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., 60 Paya Lebar Road, #11-53, Paya Lebar Square, Singapore 409051
Domicile of company	enumeration	Singapore
Person #5	id	5
Type of person	enumeration	Other person involved in implementation
Name of person	text	Dapp OS Holding Ltd.
Business address of person	text	Sea Meadow House, P.O. Box 116, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
Domicile of company	enumeration	Virgin Islands (British)
D.6 Utility token classification	boolean	false
D.7 Key features of goods or services for utility token projects	text	Not applicable
D.8 Plans for the token
Description of past milestones	textBlock	The $DOS token was deployed on Ethereum mainnet and BNB Chain in November 2025. Past milestones include the launch of the Intelligence Layer and AI Operating System, the launch of the Intent Execution Network on Ethereum mainnet, the deployment of $DOS token (ERC-20) on Ethereum mainnet on 27 November 2025 (transaction hash: 0xf18f9b9c8831f49bd2d9e44bba681bade0737318696df1bb0a0bc45e203d8d59), bridging of 30,000,000 $DOS tokens to BNB Chain (BEP-20) via LayerZero protocol, completion of independent security audits by Trail of Bits, CertiK, Secure3, SlowMist, BlockSec and Halborn, integration with multiple Web3 wallets and DeFi protocols, and processing of over 12 million transactions for more than 5 million users (as of Q4 2025).
Description of future milestones	textBlock	Future plans include the expansion of the Intent Execution Network and validator set, the rollout of additional protocol-level features (including planned governance functionality), the integration of further AI services within the dappOS ecosystem, and the broadening of the trading venue footprint across MiCA-compliant Crypto-Asset Service Providers in the European Union.
D.9 Resource allocation	text	Targeted allocation of proceeds from token sales: 60% for enhancing and expanding AI capabilities (including in-house development and ecosystem partner integrations); 40% for marketing efforts aimed at community engagement and subscriber base growth. Current expenditure breakdown: 62.5% research and development, 30% marketing, 7.5% other operational activities.
D.10 Planned use of collected funds or other tokens	text	Not applicable, as this white paper was drawn up for the admission to trading and not for collecting funds for the crypto-asset project.
Part E - Information about offer to public of other tokens or their admission to trading
E.1 Public offering or admission to trading	enumeration	Admission to trading
E.2 Reasons for public offer or admission to trading	textBlock	Admission to trading (ATTR) is sought on the trading platform operated by Bitvavo B.V. (Market Identifier Code: VAVO, Netherlands) in order to enable secondary market trading of the crypto-asset in the European Union and to facilitate broader accessibility and potential liquidity for prospective holders. In addition, this crypto-asset white paper is intended to serve as a single reference document drawn up in accordance with the applicable MiCA templates. To reduce the risk of market confusion caused by multiple different white papers for the same crypto-asset prepared by different parties, this crypto-asset white paper is intended to be reusable by other entities admitting the crypto-asset to trading, subject to the written consent mechanism foreseen in Article 5(4) of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114.
E.3 Fundraising target
Target expressed in currency	monetary		EUR
Target expressed in units	decimal
Target expressed in digital token identifier	text	Not applicable
E.4 Minimum subscription goals
Goals expressed in currency	monetary		EUR
Goals expressed in units	decimal
Goals expressed in digital token identifier	text	Not applicable
E.5 Maximum subscription goals
Goasl expressed in currency	monetary		EUR
Goals expressed in units	decimal
Goals expressed in digital token identifier	text	Not applicable
E.6 Oversubscription acceptance	boolean	false
E.7 Oversubscription allocation	text	Not applicable
Issue price details
E.8 Issue price	decimal
E.9 Official currency determining issue price	enumeration
E.9 Any other tokens determining issue price	text	Not applicable
E.10 Subscription fee
Fee expressed in currency	monetary		EUR
Fee expressed in units	decimal
Fee expressed in digital token identifier	text	Not applicable
E.11 Offer price determination method	text	Once the token is admitted to trading its price will be determined by demand (buyers) and supply (sellers).
E.12 Total number of offered or traded other tokens	integer	1000000000
E.13 Targeted holders	enumeration	All types of investors
E.14 Holder restrictions	text	Holder restrictions are subject to applicable laws and regulations (including any restrictions applied by the relevant trading platform) and any protocol-level restrictions resulting from staking/lock-up mechanics (where applicable). The project's documentation describes that execution validators stake tokens as collateral and that withdrawal of staked tokens may be subject to a withdrawal delay period.
E.15 Reimbursement notice	boolean true
E.16 Refund mechanism	textBlock	Not applicable
E.17 Refund timeline	text	Not applicable
E.18 Offer phases	textBlock	Not applicable
E.19 Early purchase discount	textBlock	Not applicable
E.20 Time-limited offer	boolean	false
E.21 Subscription period beginning	date
E.22 Subscription period end	date
E.23 Safeguarding arrangements for offered funds or other tokens	textBlock	Not applicable
E.24 Payment methods for other token purchase	textBlock	Payment methods are subject to the respective capabilities and requirements of the Crypto-Asset Service Provider platform(s) listing the crypto-asset.
E.25 Value transfer methods for reimbursement	textBlock	Not applicable
E.26 Right of withdrawal	textBlock	Not applicable, as this white paper is written to support admission to trading and not for the initial offer to the public.
E.27 Transfer of purchased other tokens	textBlock	The transfer of purchased crypto-assets is subject to the respective capabilities and processes of the Crypto-Asset Service Provider platform(s) listing the crypto-asset and any relevant blockchain network requirements.
E.28 Transfer time schedule	text	Not applicable, as this white paper is written to support admission to trading and not for the initial offer to the public.
E.29 Purchaser's technical requirements	textBlock	The technical requirements that the purchaser is required to fulfil to hold the crypto-assets of purchased crypto-assets are subject to the respective capabilities of the Crypto Asset Service Provider listing the crypto-asset.
Other token services provider characteristics
E.30 Other token service provider (CASP) name	text	Not applicable
E.31 CASP identifier	LEI
E.32 Placement form	enumeration
Trading platforms characteristics
E.33 Trading platforms name	text	Bitvavo B.V.
E.34 Trading platforms market identifier code (MIC)	text	VAVO
E.35 Trading platforms access	text	The token is intended to be listed on the trading platform operated by Bitvavo B.V. Access to this platform depends on regional availability and user eligibility under Bitvavo's terms and conditions. Investors should consult Bitvavo's official documentation to determine whether they meet the requirements for account creation and token trading.
E.36 Involved costs	textBlock	This depends on the trading platform(s) listing the crypto-asset. Costs may also occur for blockchain network use (e.g., network transaction fees) and may exceed the value of a transfer in certain circumstances.
E.37 Offer expenses	textBlock	Not applicable, as this crypto-asset white paper concerns admission to trading and not an offer to the public.
E.38 Conflicts of interest	textBlock	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd. has established, implemented and documented internal policies and procedures for the identification, prevention, management and documentation of conflicts of interest, and a token-specific review has been conducted for the purposes of this crypto-asset white paper. The potential conflicts of interest identified in relation to the admission to trading are: the issuer, Dapp OS Holding Ltd., is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd., and the two entities share the members of their management bodies (see A.12 and B.10); the issuer retains a substantial part of the crypto-assets in issue (see G.5); and market makers have been appointed to support orderly trading and liquidity (see I.6). These arrangements are managed under the policies referred to above. MiCA-compliant crypto-asset service providers are required to have arrangements in place to identify, prevent, manage and disclose conflicts of interest. Prospective holders should also review the conflicts of interest policy of the trading platform used for trading.
E.39 Applicable law	textBlock	Not applicable, as this white paper is written to seek admission to trading, not for the initial offer to the public.
E.40 Competent court	textBlock	Not applicable, as this white paper is written to seek admission to trading, not for the initial offer to the public.
Part F - Information about other tokens
F.1 Crypto-asset type	text	The crypto-asset described in the white paper is classified as a crypto-asset under the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) but does not qualify as an electronic money token (EMT) or an asset-referenced token (ART). It is a digital representation of value that can be stored and transferred using distributed ledger technology (DLT) or similar technology. The token provides functional utility within the issuer's ecosystem as described in this white paper but does not grant ownership, profit participation, or legally enforceable financial claims against the issuer or any third party. The asset does not aim to maintain a stable value by referencing an official currency, a basket of assets, or any other underlying rights. Instead, its valuation is entirely market-driven, based on supply and demand dynamics, and not supported by a stabilization mechanism. It is neither pegged to any fiat currency nor backed by any external assets, distinguishing it clearly from EMTs and ARTs. Furthermore, the crypto-asset is not categorised as a financial instrument, deposit, insurance product, pension product, or any other regulated financial product under EU law. It does not grant financial rights or any contractual claims to its holders, ensuring that it remains outside the scope of regulatory frameworks applicable to traditional financial instruments.
F.2 Other token functionality	textBlock	The token is the native crypto-asset of the dappOS ecosystem. Its core functionalities include: subscription payments for premium AI services within the dappOS AI Operating System (such as the Bubble Engine); payment of transaction fees for intent executions (with discounts for $DOS payments compared to other mainstream tokens); staking/collateral by service providers and validators within the Intent Execution Network (including "Super Nodes" and "Execution Validators") to secure and validate intent execution; and participation in ecosystem incentive mechanisms (including rewards linked to contribution and participation). The token's transferability may be restricted while it is actively staked or subject to withdrawal delay mechanisms under the protocol's rules.
F.3 Planned application of functionalities	textBlock	The dappOS platform, including its Intelligence Layer and Intent Execution Network, is operational and has processed over 12 million transactions for more than 5 million users as of Q4 2025. The token-specific functionalities described in F.2, including subscription payments in $DOS, transaction fee payments in $DOS (with associated discounts), staking of $DOS as collateral by service providers and validators, and $DOS-denominated ecosystem incentive programs, are expected to go live in connection with the Token Generation Event, targeted for Q3 2026. The protocol architecture supports the potential introduction of governance functionality. No decision to activate governance has been made. There is no assurance that all functionalities will be activated as described or within the indicated timeframe. A description of the characteristics of the crypto asset, including the data necessary for classification of the crypto-asset white paper in the register referred to in Article 109 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, as specified in accordance with paragraph 8 of that Article
A description of the characteristics of the other token, including the data necessary for classification of the crypto-asset white paper in the register referred to in Article 109 of Regulation (EU) 2023/1114, as specified in accordance with paragraph 8 of that Article
F.4 Type of crypto-asset white paper	enumeration	Other crypto-asset token white paper
F.5 Type of submission	enumeration	New
F.6 Other token characteristics	textBlock	The tokens are crypto-assets other than EMTs and ARTs. The token uses the ERC-20 token standard. The token is deployed on the Ethereum mainnet (1,000,000,000 tokens) and on BNB Chain (30,000,000 tokens). The tokens are fungible (up to 18 digits after the decimal point) and are a digital representation of value.
F.7 Commercial name or trading name	text	$DOS
F.8 Website of the issuer	text	https://dappos.com/
F.9 Starting date of offer to the public or admission to trading	date	2026-08-12
F.10 Publication date	date	2026-08-12
F.11 Any other services provided by the issuer	textBlock	It is not possible to exclude a possibility that the issuer of the token provides or will provide other services not covered by Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (i.e. MiCAR).
F.12 Language or languages of white paper	text	EN
F.13 Digital token identifier code used to uniquely identify the crypto-asset or each of the several crypto assets to which the white paper relates, where available	text	Ethereum mainnet (ERC-20): GBGX1MHXN. BNB Smart Chain (BEP-20): G86K26DC6.
F.14 Functionally fungible group digital token identifier, where available	text	3L8S0DQWL
F.15 Voluntary data flag	boolean	false
F.16 Personal data flag	boolean	true
F.17 LEI eligibility	boolean	true
F.18 Home member state	enumeration	Netherlands
F.19 Host member states #1	enumerationSet	Austria
F.19 Host member states #2	enumerationSet	Belgium
F.19 Host member states #3	enumerationSet	Bulgaria
F.19 Host member states #4	enumerationSet	Czechia
F.19 Host member states #5	enumerationSet	Denmark
F.19 Host member states #6	enumerationSet	Estonia
F.19 Host member states #7	enumerationSet	Finland
F.19 Host member states #8	enumerationSet	France
F.19 Host member states #9	enumerationSet	Germany
F.19 Host member states #10	enumerationSet	Hungary
F.19 Host member states #11	enumerationSet	Ireland
F.19 Host member states #12	enumerationSet	Italy
F.19 Host member states #13	enumerationSet	Latvia
F.19 Host member states #14	enumerationSet	Lithuania
F.19 Host member states #15	enumerationSet	Luxembourg
F.19 Host member states #16	enumerationSet	Malta
F.19 Host member states #17	enumerationSet	Norway
F.19 Host member states #18	enumerationSet	Poland
F.19 Host member states #19	enumerationSet	Portugal
F.19 Host member states #20	enumerationSet	Romania
F.19 Host member states #21	enumerationSet	Slovakia
F.19 Host member states #22	enumerationSet	Slovenia
F.19 Host member states #23	enumerationSet	Spain
F.19 Host member states #24	enumerationSet	Sweden
Part G - Information on rights and obligations attached to other tokens
G.1 Purchaser rights and obligations	textBlock	The token provides functional access to services within the dappOS ecosystem (including subscription payments for AI services, payment of transaction fees, participation in protocol roles through staking/collateral, and eligibility for ecosystem incentive mechanisms). These functionalities are of a technical and operational nature, subject to applicable smart contract and network rules. The token does not entail ownership, governance, or profit-sharing rights and does not grant legally enforceable claims against the issuer beyond the technical utility described herein.
G.2 Exercise of rights and obligations	textBlock	As the token grants no legally binding rights nor obligations, there are no procedures and conditions for the exercise of these rights applicable. Any use of the token (including staking/collateralisation, fee payments, or participation in incentive mechanisms) is performed through the relevant protocol functions and is subject to the technical conditions of the network and smart contracts (including any minimum amounts, lock-ups, unbonding periods, and slashing/penalty conditions where applicable).
G.3 Conditions for modifications of rights and obligations	textBlock	As the token grants no legally binding rights nor obligations, there are no procedures and conditions for the exercise of these rights applicable. However, the technical rules governing token utility (including staking parameters, collateral requirements, fee mechanics, incentive rules, and any related smart contract logic) may be updated or changed over time in accordance with the protocol's upgrade processes and/or the operational development of the ecosystem. Such changes may affect the token's technical utility and economic characteristics.
G.4 Future public offers	textBlock	Not applicable
G.5 Issuer retained other token	integer	715000000
G.6 Utility token classification	boolean	false
G.7 Key features of goods or services utility tokens	text	Not applicable
G.8 Utility tokens redemption	text	Not applicable
G.9 Non-trading request	boolean	false
G.10 Other tokens purchase or sale modalities	text	Not applicable, as the admission to trading of the tokens is sought.
G.11 Other tokens transfer restrictions	text	The token is generally transferable in accordance with the rules of the underlying blockchain and the applicable smart contracts. Transferability may be restricted during periods in which tokens are actively staked, locked, or otherwise committed as collateral under protocol rules. In addition, Crypto-Asset Service Providers may apply their own restrictions (e.g., compliance-related limits) under applicable law and their terms and policies.
G.12 Supply adjustment protocols	boolean	false
G.13 Supply adjustment mechanisms	text	Not applicable
Other token schemes details
G.14 Token value protection schemes	boolean	false
G.15 Token value protection schemes description	textBlock	Not applicable
G.16 Compensation schemes	boolean	false
G.17 Compensation schemes description	textBlock	Not applicable
G.18 Applicable law	textBlock	The laws of the Republic of Singapore. Any holder-specific rights arising from secondary market transactions may additionally be subject to the laws applicable to the relevant service provider and the holder's jurisdiction.
G.19 Competent court	textBlock	The courts of the Republic of Singapore, without prejudice to any mandatory jurisdiction rules applicable to consumers or holders in their respective Member States. Part H – information on the underlying technology
Part H – Information on underlying technology
H.1 Distributed ledger technology (DTL)	text	See F.13
H.2 Protocols and technical standards	text	The token follows the ERC-20 technical standard for fungible tokens on the Ethereum mainnet and the BEP-20 standard on BNB Chain. ERC-20 and BEP-20 tokens are implemented as smart contracts on EVM-compatible networks and support standard functions such as transfer, allowance/approval, and balance tracking. The Ethereum mainnet token contract includes a pause mechanism, allowing the issuer to temporarily suspend token transfers. The contract does not support upgradeability or blacklisting, and there are no role-based mint or burn permissions beyond the initial minting. Bridging to BNB Chain is facilitated through LayerZero, a third-party interoperability protocol. Contracts associated with bridged representations on BNB Chain, deployed by the bridge provider, may include additional functionalities such as pausability and upgradeability. These contracts are not under the issuer's direct control.
H.3 Technology used	textBlock	The token can be held and transferred using EVM-compatible wallets capable of interacting with ERC-20/BEP-20 smart contracts. Transfers and state changes are recorded on the respective underlying distributed ledger. The token is natively issued on the Ethereum mainnet. A bridged representation exists on BNB Chain, facilitated through LayerZero. The bridge operates via a lock-and-mint mechanism whereby tokens are locked on Ethereum and corresponding representations are minted on BNB Chain. The bridge infrastructure is operated by a third party and is not under the direct control of the issuer. Users must securely manage their private keys and recovery phrases. Loss of these credentials results in permanent and irreversible loss of access to the associated tokens.
H.4 Consensus mechanism	text	The crypto-asset that is the subject of this white paper is available on multiple DLT networks. These include: Ethereum and BNB Smart Chain. In general, when evaluating crypto-assets, the total number of tokens issued across different networks must always be taken into account, as spillover effects can be adverse for investors. The following applies to Ethereum: Ethereum uses a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in September 2022. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH to participate in block production. For each block, a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block; once proposed, other validators verify its integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds and finalization occurs after two epochs (approximately 12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behaviour or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. The following applies to BNB Smart Chain: BNB Smart Chain uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Validators are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining network security. To become a validator, an entity must run a validator node and stake a significant amount of BNB. On a daily basis, the 45 validators with the highest stake and delegation are selected as active validators. Every epoch (240 blocks, approximately 20 minutes), 21 consensus validators are picked from the active set to take turns producing blocks. Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their BNB to validators, earning a share of rewards and improving their chosen validator's selection chances. Inactive validators remain in a pool, ensuring a sufficient number of nodes are ready to take on validation tasks. BNB Smart Chain achieves block times of around 0.75 seconds. Validators are required to stake BNB as collateral, which can be slashed for malicious behaviour. Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake, and transaction fees are paid in BNB.
H.5 Incentive mechanisms and applicable fees	text	Protocol-level incentive mechanisms and fees applicable to the $DOS token: The dappOS ecosystem employs the following incentive mechanisms and fee structures at the protocol level: Service providers and validators within the Intent Execution Network (including Super Nodes and Execution Validators) are required to stake $DOS tokens as collateral. This staking secures the network by creating economic accountability for the correct execution of user intents through the Optimistic Minimum Staking (OMS) mechanism. Validators who fail to perform or act dishonestly are subject to slashing penalties, resulting in partial or total loss of staked collateral. Users pay fees for intent executions within the dappOS ecosystem. Payments in $DOS tokens are subject to discounted fee rates compared to payments in other mainstream tokens. Fee parameters may be adjusted by the core development team. Access to premium AI services (such as the Bubble Engine) requires subscription payments in $DOS tokens. $DOS tokens are distributed as rewards to participants who contribute to the ecosystem, subject to applicable conditions and eligibility criteria as determined by the protocol rules. Underlying network fees: In addition to the protocol-level fees described above, all on-chain transactions involving $DOS tokens are subject to network transaction fees ("gas fees") on the respective underlying blockchain. On Ethereum, transaction fees are paid in ETH under the EIP-1559 fee model (base fee plus optional priority fee). On BNB Smart Chain, transaction fees are paid in BNB. These network-level fees are independent of the dappOS protocol and may vary depending on network congestion.
H.6 Use of distributed ledger technology	boolean	false
H.7 DLT functionality description	textBlock	Not applicable
Other token audit details
H.8 Audit	boolean	true
H.9 Audit outcome	textBlock	Multiple independent security audits of the dappOS protocol smart contracts have been conducted between August 2023 and December 2024 by Trail of Bits, CertiK, Secure3, SlowMist, BlockSec, and Halborn. The audits cover the Virtual Wallet, core protocol contracts, IntentAssets, and Internal Exchange components. The audit reports are publicly available through the project's documentation. The scope and findings of these audits have not been independently verified for the purposes of this white paper. Part I – Information on risks
Part I - Information on risks
I.1 Offer-related risks	textBlock	1. Regulatory and compliance This white paper has been prepared with utmost caution; however, uncertainties in the regulatory requirements and future changes in regulatory frameworks could potentially impact the token's legal status and its tradability. There is also a high probability that other laws will come into force, changing the rules for the trading of the token. Therefore, such developments shall be monitored and acted upon accordingly. 2. Operational and technical Blockchain Dependency: The token is entirely dependent on the blockchains the crypto-asset is issued upon. Any issues, such as downtime, congestion, or security vulnerabilities within the blockchain, could adversely affect the token's functionality. Smart Contract Risks: Smart contracts governing the token may contain hidden vulnerabilities or bugs that could disrupt the token offering or distribution processes. Connection Dependency: As the trading of the token also involves other trading venues, technical risks such as downtime of the connection or faulty code are also possible. Human errors: Due to the irrevocability of blockchain transactions, approving wrong transactions or using incorrect networks or addresses will most likely result in funds not being accessible anymore. Custodial risk: When admitting the token to trading, the risk of losing clients' assets due to hacks or other malicious acts is given. This is due to the fact the token is held in custodial wallets for the customers. Multi-network and interoperability risk: The token is deployed on more than one network (Ethereum mainnet and BNB Chain). The bridge mechanics applicable to tokens transferred between networks are described in H.3 above. Bridges have historically been sensitive to malfunctions and exploits. If bridging is used, it may pose an additional source of risk for token holders, including operational control over mint/burn/release functions and potential smart contract vulnerabilities in bridge contracts. The total number of tokens across all networks and any spillover effects must be taken into account. Protocol-utility dependency: Separately from network gas fees on the underlying blockchains (paid in ETH or BNB respectively), the token relies on protocol-level functionalities within the dappOS ecosystem, including subscription payments, transaction fee payments, staking and collateral mechanisms, and ecosystem incentive programs. Any malfunction, change, or discontinuation of such functionalities could adversely affect the token's perceived utility and market value. 3. Market and liquidity Volatility: The token will most likely be subject to high volatility and market speculation. Price fluctuations could be significant, posing a risk of substantial losses to holders. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity is contingent upon trading activity levels on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and potentially on centralized exchanges (CEXs), should they be involved. Low trading volumes may restrict the buying and selling capabilities of the tokens. 4. Counterparty As the admission to trading involves the connection to other trading venues, counterparty risks arise. These include, but are not limited to, the following risks: General Trading Platform Risk: The risk of trading platforms not operating to the highest standards is given. Examples like FTX show that especially in nascent industries, compliance and oversight-frameworks might not be fully established and/or enforced. Listing or Delisting Risks: The listing or delisting of the token is subject to the trading partners internal processes. Delisting of the token at the connected trading partners could harm or completely halt the ability to trade the token. 5. Liquidity Liquidity of the token can vary, especially when trading activity is limited. This could result in high slippage when trading a token. 6. Failure of one or more counterparties Another risk stems from the internal operational processes of the counterparties used. As there is no specific oversight other than the typical due diligence check, it cannot be guaranteed that all counterparties adhere to the best market standards. Bankruptcy Risk: Counterparties could go bankrupt, possibly resulting in a total loss for the clients' assets held at that counterparty. Concentration and market integrity risk: Especially in early-stage markets, trading can be influenced by concentration of holdings, limited free float, market-making behaviour, or coordinated trading activity. This can amplify volatility, widen spreads, and increase the risk of market abuse.
I.2 Issuer-related risks	textBlock	1. Insolvency As with every other commercial endeavor, the risk of insolvency of the issuer is given. This could be caused by but is not limited to lack of interest from the public, lack of funding, incapacitation of key developers and project members, force majeure (including pandemics and wars) or lack of commercial success or prospects. 2. Counterparty In order to operate, the issuer has most likely engaged in different business relationships with one or more third parties on which it strongly depends on. Loss or changes in the leadership or key partners of the issuer and/or the respective counterparties can lead to disruptions, loss of trust, or project failure. This could result in a total loss of economic value for the crypto-asset holders. 3. Legal and regulatory compliance Cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based technologies are subject to evolving regulatory landscapes worldwide. Regulations vary across jurisdictions and may be subject to significant changes. Non-compliance can result in investigations, enforcement actions, penalties, fines, sanctions, or the prohibition of the trading of the crypto-asset impacting its viability and market acceptance. This could also result in the issuer to be subject to private litigation. The beforementioned would most likely also lead to changes with respect to trading of the crypto-asset that may negatively impact the value, legality, or functionality of the crypto-asset. 4. Operational Failure to develop or maintain effective internal control, or any difficulties encountered in the implementation of such controls, or their improvement could harm the issuer's business, causing disruptions, financial losses, or reputational damage. 5. Industry The issuer is and will be subject to all of the risks and uncertainties associated with a crypto-asset project in a highly competitive and nascent sector. History has shown that many projects in the crypto-asset sector resulted in financial losses for the investors. The token's intended utility is linked to the adoption of the dappOS ecosystem. Any failure to achieve sufficient ecosystem adoption, or material changes to the protocol design, fee schedules, or incentive structures, can reduce demand for the token and adversely affect its perceived value. 6. Reputational The issuer faces the risk of negative publicity, whether due to, without limitation, operational failures, security breaches, or association with illicit activities, which can damage the issuer reputation and, by extension, the value and acceptance of the crypto-asset. 7. Competition There are numerous other crypto-asset projects in the same realm, which could have an effect on the crypto-asset in question. 8. Unanticipated risk In addition to the risks included in this section, there might be other risks that cannot be foreseen. Additional risks may also materialize as unanticipated variations or combinations of the risks discussed. As of the date of this white paper, no decentralised governance framework has been deployed. Key decisions regarding the protocol, economic parameters, and technical architecture are taken by the core development team. This concentration of decision-making authority may result in changes that adversely affect token holders.
I.3 Other tokens-related risks	textBlock	1. Valuation The token provides functional utility within the dappOS ecosystem but does not grant legally enforceable financial rights or contractual obligations. Its price is determined by supply and demand. Historically, most crypto-assets have lost value dramatically and were not a beneficial investment. Investing therefore poses a high risk, and a total loss of funds can occur. 2. Market volatility Crypto-asset prices are highly susceptible to dramatic fluctuations driven by market sentiment, regulatory changes, technological developments, and macroeconomic conditions. These fluctuations can cause significant losses within short periods. This is especially true for crypto-assets without intrinsic value, and holders should be prepared to lose the entire amount invested. 3. Liquidity challenges Limited liquidity can make it difficult to execute large trades without materially affecting the market price. This can lead to substantial losses, particularly during rapid market movements, when selling may be challenging or possible only at unfavourable prices. 4. Asset security Crypto-assets face security threats including theft from exchanges or wallets, loss of private keys, and failures of custodial services. Because transactions are generally irreversible, a security breach or mismanagement can result in the permanent loss of assets. 5. Scams The irreversibility of blockchain transactions and the pseudonymous nature of blockchain ecosystems attract fraud. Investors should proceed with caution. Typical scams include, but are not limited to, fake crypto-assets using the same name, phishing on social networks or by email, fake giveaways or airdrops, and identity theft. 6. Blockchain dependency Issues with the underlying blockchains, such as downtime, congestion, or security vulnerabilities, could disrupt the transfer, trading, or functionality of the crypto-asset. 7. Smart contract vulnerabilities The smart contracts used to issue the crypto-asset may contain bugs, coding errors, or vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors, potentially leading to asset loss, unauthorised data access, or unintended operational consequences. 8. Privacy concerns All transactions on the blockchain are permanently recorded and publicly accessible. Although addresses are pseudonymous, the transparent and immutable nature of blockchain permits forensic analysis that can, over time, link addresses to real-world identities, compromising user privacy. 9. Regulatory uncertainty The regulatory environment for crypto-assets is evolving and may directly affect their usage, valuation, and legal status. New requirements relating to consumer protection, taxation, or anti-money laundering may arise. Although the crypto-asset does not create contractual obligations, a regulator may nevertheless qualify it as a security or other financial instrument under its applicable law, with drastic consequences, including potential loss of the invested capital. This could also expose the issuer, its affiliates, directors, and officers to fines or penalties, or make the crypto-asset illegal to use, buy, or sell in certain jurisdictions. Regulators could also act against the issuer or the trading platforms if they view the token as an unregistered securities offering. Any such outcome could negatively affect the value or functionality of the crypto-asset and could cause a complete loss of the invested funds. 10. Counterparty risk Entering into agreements with, or storing crypto-assets on, exchanges introduces counterparty risk, including the failure of the other party to perform. Losses may result from insolvency, regulatory non-compliance, or fraud, underlining the need for careful due diligence. 11. Reputational concerns Crypto-assets are subject to reputational risks arising from associations with illegal activity, security breaches, and technological failures. Such incidents can undermine trust, reduce investor confidence and market value, and hinder adoption. 12. Technological innovation New technologies could render the DLT or ecosystem design less competitive or break fundamental components (for example, quantum computing could break the cryptographic algorithms securing the network), affecting adoption and value. Participants should understand the speculative and volatile nature of the crypto-asset and be prepared to bear losses up to a complete loss of value. 13. Community and narrative As the crypto-asset has no intrinsic value, its market value depends heavily on its community and the popularity of its narrative. Declining interest or negative sentiment could significantly affect the token's value. 14. Interest rate change Changes in interest and exchange rates, and increased volatility, have historically raised credit and market risks and may affect the value of the crypto-asset. Investors should be aware that general market movements may affect sentiment and therefore the token's price. 15. Taxation The tax treatment of trading the crypto-asset depends on the holder's jurisdiction. It is the holder's sole responsibility to comply with all applicable tax laws, including the reporting and payment of income tax, wealth tax, or similar taxes arising from the appreciation or depreciation of the crypto-asset. 16. Anti-money laundering / counter-terrorism financing It cannot be ruled out that wallet addresses interacting with the crypto-asset have been or will be used for money laundering or terrorist financing, or are associated with a person known to have committed such offences. 17. Market abuse Crypto-assets can be prone to market abuse, as the underlying infrastructure may be used for front-running, spoofing, pump-and-dump schemes, and fraud across systems, platforms, or locations. This is especially true for crypto-assets with low market capitalisation and few trading venues, and could lead to a total loss of the invested funds. 18. Timeline and milestones Critical project milestones could be delayed by technical, operational, or market challenges. The token is available on Ethereum mainnet and BNB Chain; the total number of tokens across networks, the bridge mechanics, and potential spillover effects between deployments must be taken into account, as they may adversely affect investors. The token's utility within the dappOS ecosystem (subscription fees, transaction fees with $DOS discounts, staking and collateral with slashing penalties, and ecosystem incentives) depends on the protocol design. Changes to that design, its parameters, eligibility rules, fee schedules, reward mechanics, slashing conditions, or access conditions can adversely affect token demand, usability, and value, and may be implemented unilaterally by the core development team, as no decentralised governance framework has been deployed as of the drafting date. If governance functionality is introduced in the future, the structure, voting mechanics, and decision-making authority of such a body may create additional risks, and governance decisions could adversely affect the value or usability of the crypto-asset.
I.4 Project implementation-related risks	textBlock	As this white paper relates to the "Admission to trading" of the crypto-asset, the implementation risk is referring to the risks on the Crypto Asset Service Providers side. These can be, but are not limited to, typical project management risks, such as key-personnel-risks, timeline-risks, and technical implementation-risks.
I.5 Technology-related risks	textBlock	As this white paper relates to the "Admission to trading" of the crypto-asset, the technology-related risks mainly involve the DLT networks, where the crypto asset is issued in. 1. Blockchain dependency risks Network Downtime: Potential outages or congestion on the involved networks could interrupt on-chain token transfers, trading, and other functions. Scalability Challenges: Unexpected demand or technical issues might compromise network performance. 2. Smart contract risks Vulnerabilities: The smart contract(s) governing The token could contain bugs, coding errors, or vulnerabilities that may be exploited, affecting token transfers and other token-related functions. 3. Wallet and storage risks Private Key Management: Token holders must securely manage their private keys and recovery phrases to prevent permanent loss of access to their tokens, which includes Trading-Venues, who are a prominent target for dedicated hacks. Compatibility Issues: The token requires compatible wallets and supporting infrastructure for storage and transfer. Any incompatibility or technical issues could impact token accessibility. 4. Network security risks Attack Risks: The networks may face threats such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks or exploits targeting network components, which could compromise network integrity. Centralization Concerns: Depending on the underlying network, concentration effects (e.g., validator concentration or stake concentration) may pose centralization risks, potentially affecting network resilience. 5. Evolving technology risks: technological obsolescence The fast pace of innovation in blockchain technology may make the used token standard and supporting infrastructure appear less competitive or become outdated, potentially impacting the usability or adoption of the token.
I.6 Mitigation measures	textBlock	Multiple independent security audits have been conducted by Trail of Bits, CertiK, Secure3, SlowMist, BlockSec, and Halborn, covering protocol smart contracts and related components. Staking and slashing mechanisms incentivise proper behaviour by service providers and validators within the Intent Execution Network. Multi-signature (Safe) wallets are used for treasury management. On-chain verification through Binance Wallet integration and BAB token confirmation is used to filter bot/fake users. The project reports a financial runway of approximately 57 months based on current operational costs (not independently verified). At least two market makers (Amber and Flow Traders) have been appointed to support orderly trading and liquidity. Part J – Information on the sustainability indicators in relation to adverse impact on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts
Part J - Information on the sustainability indicators in relation to adverse impact on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts
J.1 Adverse impacts on climate and other environment-related adverse impacts	textBlock	The principal adverse sustainability impacts disclosed in respect of the $DOS token relate to the energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions of the underlying distributed ledger technology (Ethereum mainnet and BNB Smart Chain) on which the token is issued and transferred. The $DOS token does not operate a separate distributed ledger or consensus mechanism and does not add any consensus-layer infrastructure to those networks. The mandatory and supplementary indicators set out in S.8 to S.16 are therefore adopted at network level from the official Ethereum (ETH) and BNB Smart Chain MiCA white papers (FFG D5RG2FHH0 and FFG 8N2VXJKB1), each for the reporting period stated in the relevant source. Where the reporting template requires a single value, the values reported in S.6 to S.14 relate to the Ethereum mainnet, on which the token is natively issued, and to the reporting period of the Ethereum source; the corresponding BNB Smart Chain figures and reporting period are disclosed in S.9, S.15 and S.16. Optional indicators (S.17 to S.36) are reported as not applicable, as the issuer does not operate the underlying distributed ledger technology and the relevant data is not available.
Mandatory information on principal adverse impacts on the climate and other environment-related adverse impacts of the consensus mechanism
General information about adverse impacts
S.1 Name	text	Dapp OS Technology Pte. Ltd.
S.2 Relevant legal entity identifier	text	254900F2Y44Y2IIE9U38
S.3 Name of the crypto-asset	text	$DOS
S.4 Consensus mechanism	text	The crypto-asset that is the subject of this white paper is available on multiple DLT networks. These include: Ethereum and BNB Smart Chain. In general, when evaluating crypto-assets, the total number of tokens issued across different networks must always be taken into account, as spillover effects can be adverse for investors. The following applies to Ethereum: Ethereum uses a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in September 2022. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH to participate in block production. For each block, a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block; once proposed, other validators verify its integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds and finalization occurs after two epochs (approximately 12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behaviour or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. The following applies to BNB Smart Chain: BNB Smart Chain uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Validators are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining network security. To become a validator, an entity must run a validator node and stake a significant amount of BNB. On a daily basis, the 45 validators with the highest stake and delegation are selected as active validators. Every epoch (240 blocks, approximately 20 minutes), 21 consensus validators are picked from the active set to take turns producing blocks. Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their BNB to validators, earning a share of rewards and improving their chosen validator's selection chances. Inactive validators remain in a pool, ensuring a sufficient number of nodes are ready to take on validation tasks. BNB Smart Chain achieves block times of around 0.75 seconds. Validators are required to stake BNB as collateral, which can be slashed for malicious behaviour. Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake, and transaction fees are paid in BNB.
S.5 Incentive mechanisms and applicable fees	text	The crypto-asset that is the subject of this white paper is available on multiple DLT networks. These include: Ethereum and BNB Smart Chain. In general, when evaluating crypto-assets, the total number of tokens issued across different networks must always be taken into account, as spillover effects can be adverse for investors. The following applies to Ethereum: Ethereum's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity. The following applies to BNB Smart Chain: BNB Smart Chain uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees when they produce blocks. On a daily basis, active validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and delegated to them. Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators, increasing the validator's total stake and improving their selection chances. Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. Validators can be penalized for malicious behaviour or failure to perform their duties, including slashing of a portion of their staked tokens. Transaction fees on BNB Smart Chain are paid in BNB and are designed to remain low compared to other blockchain networks. On the underlying network (Ethereum), transaction ordering and finality are provided by Ethereum's Proof-of-Stake consensus (Gasper: LMD-GHOST fork choice + Casper FFG finality). Validators participate by staking ETH and performing block proposal/attestation duties; the execution of token transfers occurs on the EVM execution layer and is secured by the PoS consensus layer.
S.6 Beginning of period to which disclosed information relates	date	2024-03-22
S.7 End of period to which disclosed information relates	date	2025-03-22
Mandatory key indicator
S.8 Energy consumption	energy (kWh)	2390166
Sources and methodologies
S.9 Energy consumption sources and methodologies	textBlock	The following applies to Ethereum: The energy consumption figure reported in S.8 is based on the bottom-up methodology applied in the official Ethereum (ETH) MiCA white paper (FFG: D5RG2FHH0). Under this methodology, nodes are considered the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. Hardware assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and proprietary crawlers. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. As the $DOS token does not add any consensus-layer infrastructure to the Ethereum network, the network-level methodology is directly applicable. Source: FFG D5RG2FHH0, reporting period 2024-03-22 to 2025-03-22. The following applies to BNB Chain: For the calculation of energy consumption, the so-called 'bottom-up' approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, assumptions are made on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts. Source: FFG 8N2VXJKB1, reporting period 2024-06-30 to 2025-06-30. Where the reporting template requires a single numerical value, the values reported in S.6 to S.14 relate to the Ethereum mainnet, on which the token is natively issued, and to the reporting period of the Ethereum source stated above. The corresponding energy consumption of the BNB Smart Chain, for the reporting period of the BNB source stated above, is 90,228.00000 kWh/a.
Supplementary information on principal adverse impacts on climate and other environment-related adverse impacts of consensus mechanism
Supplementary key indicators
S.10 Renewable energy consumption	percent	17,41%
S.11 Energy intensity	energy (kWh)	0,00011
S.12 Scope 1 DLT GHG emissions - controlled	GHG emissions (tCO2e)	0
S.13 Scope 2 DLT GHG emissions - purchased	GHG emissions (tCO2e)	795,47849
S.14 GHG intensity	GHG emissions (tCO2e)	0,00004
Sources and methodologies
S.15 Key energy sources and methodologies	textBlock	The following applies to Ethereum: To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the geographic locations of the validator nodes are determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and proprietary crawlers developed by the sustainability data provider. Where sufficiently granular information on the geographic distribution of validator nodes is not available, proxy assumptions are applied using reference networks that are comparable in their incentivisation structure and consensus mechanism. The resulting geographic distribution is then combined with publicly available data from the European Environment Agency (EEA) to derive the renewable electricity share. The energy intensity reported in S.11 is calculated as the marginal energy consumption associated with one additional transaction on the Ethereum network, in accordance with the risk metric calculations published in the Ethereum (ETH) MiCA white paper (FFG: D5RG2FHH0, reporting period 2024-03-22 to 2025-03-22). The following applies to BNB Chain: To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost with respect to one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. "Share of electricity generated by renewables – Ember and Energy Institute" [dataset]. Ember, "Yearly Electricity Data Europe"; Ember, "Yearly Electricity Data"; Energy Institute, "Statistical Review of World Energy" [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables. Source: FFG 8N2VXJKB1, reporting period 2024-06-30 to 2025-06-30.
S.16 Key GHG sources and methodologies	textBlock	The following applies to Ethereum: To determine the GHG emissions, the geographic locations of the validator nodes are determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and proprietary crawlers developed by the sustainability data provider. Where sufficiently granular information on the geographic distribution of validator nodes is not available, proxy assumptions are applied using reference networks that are comparable in their incentivisation structure and consensus mechanism. The resulting geographic distribution is then combined with publicly available data from the European Environment Agency (EEA) to derive electricity-related emission factors. The GHG intensity reported in S.14 is calculated as the marginal emission with respect to one additional transaction on the Ethereum network. Scope 1 emissions are reported as zero, as Proof-of-Stake validation does not involve direct combustion or controlled emission sources. Scope 3 emissions (indirect value chain emissions) are not reported, as this indicator is optional under Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/422. Source: Crypto Risk Metrics GmbH, as published in the Ethereum (ETH) MiCA white paper (FFG: D5RG2FHH0, reporting period 2024-03-22 to 2025-03-22). This disclosure is provided in accordance with the risk metric calculations published in the Ethereum (ETH) MiCA white paper (FFG: D5RG2FHH0, reporting period 2024-03-22 to 2025-03-22). The following applies to BNB Chain: To determine the GHG emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission with respect to one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. "Carbon intensity of electricity generation – Ember and Energy Institute" [dataset]. Ember, "Yearly Electricity Data Europe"; Ember, "Yearly Electricity Data"; Energy Institute, "Statistical Review of World Energy" [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity. Licenced under CC BY 4.0. Scope 1 emissions are reported as zero, as Proof-of-Staked-Authority validation does not involve direct combustion or controlled emission sources. Source: FFG 8N2VXJKB1, reporting period 2024-06-30 to 2025-06-30.
Optional information on principal adverse impacts on the climate and on other environment-related adverse impacts of the consensus mechanism
Optional indicators
S. 17 Energy mix	percent
S.18 Energy use reduction
Energy use reduction target (absolute value)	energy (kWh)
Energy use reduction target (percentage)	percent
S.19 Carbon intensity (kgCO2e/kWh)	decimal
S.20 Scope 3 DLT GHG emissions - value chain	GHG emissions (tCO2e)
S.21 GHG emissions reduction targets or commitments	textBlock	Not applicable
S.22 Generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)	mass (tonnes)
S.23 Non-recycled WEEE ratio	percent
S.24 Generation of hazardous waste	mass (tonnes)
S.25 Generation of waste (all types)	mass (tonnes)
S.26 Non-recycled waste ratio (all types)	percent
S.27 Waste intensity (all types)	mass (tonnes)
S.28 Waste reduction targets or commitments (all types)	textBlock	Not applicable
S.29 Impact of use of equipment on natural resources	textBlock	Not applicable
S.30 Natural resources use reduction targets or commitments	textBlock	Not applicable
S.31 Water use	volume (m3)
S.32 Non recycled water ratio	percent
Sources and methodologies
S.33 Other energy sources and methodologies	textBlock	Not applicable
S.34 Other GHG sources and methodologies	textBlock	Not applicable
S.35 Waste sources and methodologies	textBlock	Not applicable
S.36 Natural resources sources and methodologies	textBlock	Not applicable